THE IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL PRACTICES AND INNOVATION ON THE GROWTH OF SAUDI ARABIA’S ARCHITECTURE INDUSTRY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70301/Keywords:
Saudi Vision 2030, Architectural Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Sustainability, Entrepreneurial FrameworkAbstract
This study explores the impact of entrepreneurial practices and innovation on the growth of Saudi Arabia’s architectural industry, emphasizing the critical role of entrepreneurship in fostering innovation, business development, and sustainability. The study was structured around four main objectives: examining the concept of architectural entrepreneurship, assessing the existing framework supporting entrepreneurship, evaluating its adoption and utilization by startups, and analyzing the critical factors necessary for the framework's successful implementation. A total of 298 respondents participated in the quantitative study, which employed statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and hypothesis testing to analyze the collected data comprehensively. The findings reveal a growing recognition of the importance of entrepreneurship in addressing technological advancements, sustainability demands and shifting client expectations. However, significant barriers, including limited access to funding, regulatory complexities, and a lack of entrepreneurial skills, hinder the widespread adoption of entrepreneurial practices. © Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.The study also highlights the need for an inclusive and robust framework that integrates financial support, regulatory reforms, and innovation incentives to empower startups in the architectural sector. Respondents emphasized the importance of collaboration, networking, and education in fostering a culture of entrepreneurship. In alignment with Saudi Vision 2030, the study identifies government support as a critical driver of architectural entrepreneurship. Recommendations include developing structured frameworks, enhancing financial support mechanisms, incorporating entrepreneurial training into educational curricula, and fostering innovation through technology adoption and sustainable design practices. While this study provides valuable insights, limitations such as reliance on self-reported data, a cross-sectional design, and a narrow focus on Saudi Arabia highlight the need for further research.
References
Abdullah, H. (2020). Major challenges to the effective management of human resource training and development activities. Journal of International Social Research, 2(8).Abdullah, H., & Valentine, B. (2020). Analyze challenges to effective management of human resources in architecture. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, 4(4), 88-96.Abdulrehman, D., Monteiro, P. T., Teixeira, M. C., Mira, N. P., Lourenco, A. B., Dos Santos, S. C., ... & Freitas, A. T. (2016). The social effects of the innovativeness dimension are the integration of the company with the territory and the development of sustainability. Nucleic research, 39(suppl_1), D136-D140.Abdulrehman, S. A. (2016). An analysis of how the firm objective debate is reflected in financial textbooks and the MVV statements of JSE TOP40 firms. The University of Cape Town.Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Crown Business.Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., & Szerb, L. (2017). National Systems of Entrepreneurship: Measurement Issues and Policy Implications. Research Policy, 43(3), 476-494.Aghion, P., Bechtold, S., & Cassar, L. (2015). Innovation and Top Income Inequality. Review of Economic Studies, 83(1), 1-30.Ahlemann, F., Stettiner, E., Messerschmidt, M., & Legner, C. (2020). Strategic enterprise architecture management: challenges, best practices, and future developments: Springer Science & Business Media.Ahmed, J. U. (2021). Documentary research method: New dimensions. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 4(1). Ahmed, K. (2020). Sustainable Architecture in Saudi Arabia: Current Practices and Future Directions. Journal of Green Building, 15(2), 45-62.Ahmed, M. (2018). Research Methodology in Social Sciences. XYZ Publications.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Akin, Ö., & Eberhard, J. (2019). PREFACE: MANAGEMENT AND ARCHITECTURE. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 1-9. Alharbi, M., Emmitt, S., & Demian, P. (2019). What is architectural management? Towards a pragmatic definition. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management. Alharbi, M., Emmitt, S., & Demian, P. (2020). Transferring architectural management into practice: A taxonomy framework. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 4(3), 237-247. Ali, F., Salman, E., Jan, I., & Alsaawy,, M. (2020). Entrepreneurial universities and regional innovation: matching smart specialization strategies to regional needs? In Examining the Role of Entrepreneurial Universities in Regional Development (pp. 260-285). IGI Global.Ali, R., & Ahmed, M. S. (2019). The impact of reward and recognition programs on employee’smotivation and satisfaction: an empirical study. International review of business research papers, 5(4). Al-Mansour, H., & Thompson, R. (2022). Technology Integration in Middle Eastern Architectural Firms. Journal of Construction Technology Management, 37(4), 378-395.Al-Muhanna, S. (2023). Professional Resource Management in Saudi Architecture. Middle East Journal of Engineering Management, 28(3), 234-251.Almuntaser, T., Muizz O., Sanni, L., Mohammad A., Hassanain, Q., & Fernandes, S. (2018). Business intelligence and contribution of entrepreneurial information architecture. In ENTERprise Information Systems: International Conference, CENTERIS 2010, Viana do Castelo, Portugal, October 20-22, 2010, Proceedings, Part II (pp. 73-82). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.Almutiri, V., Quinn, M., Hiebl, M., Moores, K., & Craig, J. (2021). Future research on management accounting and control in family firms: suggestions linked to architecture, governance, entrepreneurship, and stewardship. Journal of Management Control, 28, 529-546.Al-Rashid, H., & Thompson, P. (2023). Regulatory Framework Analysis in Saudi Construction Sector. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 149(4), 156-173.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Al-Sabri, H. M., Al-Mashari, M., & Chikh, A. (2019). A comparative study and evaluation of ERP reference models in the context of ERP IT-driven implementation: SAP ERP as a case study. Business Process Management Journal, 24(4), 943-964. Alsaffaf, W., Najah, K. & Criscione N. (2020). Exploring entrepreneurial architecture for the service industries: the emerging role of storytelling in higher education. International Journal of Qualitative Research in Services, 3(1), 1-10.Al-Sayed, M., & Wilson, J. (2022). Sustainable Design Integration in Architectural Business Models. Journal of Green Building, 17(4), 389-406.AlSehaimi, A. O., Fazenda, P. T., & Koskela, L. (2019). Improving construction management practice with the Last Planner System: a case study. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management. Alshammari, M. (2021). Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Saudi Architecture. Middle East Business Review, 26(3), 178-195.Alter, S. (2019). Work system theory: an overview of core concepts, extensions, and challenges for the future. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 72. Amit, R., & Zott, C. (2015). Crafting business architecture: The antecedents of business model design. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(4), 331-350.Anderson, K., & Lewis, P. (2023). Building Resilient Entrepreneurial Organizations. Journal of Business Venturing, 38(2), 301-318.Andrews, J. C., & Shimp, T. A. (2017). Advertising, promotion, and other aspects of integrated marketing communications: Nelson Education.Angelo H., Foss, L., & Gibson, D. V. (2019). The entrepreneurial university: Case analysis and implications. In The Entrepreneurial University (pp. 249-279). Routledge.Angelo, T. A., & Cross, K. P. (2019). Proactiveness is related to improving the employees’ well-being in the workplace and the community’s quality of life. Jossey Bass Wiley.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Architizer. (2019). Gwathmey Residence and Studio. Assemble. (2020). Assemble website Asep Y., Permana, R., Diah S., Juang A., Agung S., Dudung J., & Wandi R. (2020). Entrepreneurial architecture: A framework to promote innovation in large firms. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 27(2), 151-179.Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2021). Innovation, Governance, and Capabilities. Industrial and Corporate Change, 29(5), 1075-1099.Austin, E. W., & Pinkleton, B. E. (2019). Strategic public relations management: Planning and managing effective communication campaigns: Routledge. Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context. Research Policy, 43(7), 1097-1108. Bacigalupo, M., Punie, P. K. Y., & Brande, G. V. d. (2016). EntreComp: The Entrepreneurship Competence Framework Retrieved from Baldwin, E. (2018). KPMB Architects Designs Stacked Data Sciences Tower for Boston University. Barrett, M., & Galvin, P. (2022). Service Innovation in Digital Architecture. Journal of Service Research, 25(1), 20-38.Barrett, P., Sexton, M., & Lee, A. (2018). Innovation in small construction firms: Routledge. Bax, C. (2021). When open architecture beats closed: The entrepreneurial use of architectural knowledge. Harvard Business School Finance Working Paper, (10-063).Bax, M., & Trum, H. (2021). A taxonomy of architectural concepts: A new tool for analysis and synthesis in architectural design processes according to Domain Theory Advanced technologies: architecture, planning civil engineering (pp. 53-64): Elsevier. Bazan, C., Shaikh, A., Gillespie, K., Rushat, T., Radeef, Y., Yap, S., & Finn, C. (2023). Effect of the university’s entrepreneurial orientation on the academic’s entrepreneurial propensity. Industry and Higher Education, 37(2), 165-182.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Bell, J., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018). Business Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.Belogolovsky, V. (2020). Interview With Thom Mayne: “I Am a Pragmatic Idealist.” Berg, P. O., & Kreiner, K. (2017). Corporate architecture: Turning physical settings into symbolic resources Symbols and artifacts (pp. 41-67): Routledge. Bhaskar, R. (1975). A Realist Theory of Science. Routledge.Bland, M., Theaker, A., & Wragg, D. W. (2015). Effective media relations: How to get results: Kogan Page Publishers. Blank, S. (2021). Why the lean start-up changes everything. Harvard Business Review. Blaxter, L. (2020). How to research: McGraw-Hill Education (Saudi Arabia). Blaxter, L., Hughes, C., & Tight, M. (2020). How to Research (5th ed.). Open University Press.Bondare, S., Volkova, T., Bondars, E., & Barvika, S. (2019). Business Challenges in the Architecture Industry. Architecture and Urban Planning, 13(1), 118-123. Bonfanti, A., Battisti, E., & Pasqualino, L. (2016). Social entrepreneurship and corporate architecture: evidence from Italy. Management Decision.Brake, A. G. (2021). Postmodern architecture: The Portland Municipal Services Building, Oregon, by Michael Graves. Breeders, b. (2018). 5 Tips for How to Win an Architecture Competition Briggs, J. R. (2011). Method for determining advertising effectiveness: Google Patents. Brown, A. D., Kornberger, M., Clegg, S. R., & Carter, C. (2020). ‘Invisible walls’ and ‘silent hierarchies’: A case study of power relations in an architecture firm. Human Relations, 63(4), 525-549. Brown, K. D., & Thompson, R. M. (2021). Market Entry Barriers in Architectural Practice. Journal of Architectural Management, 15(3), 234-251.Brunton, J., Boobyer, E. H., & Hellard, R. B. (2020). Management Applied to Architectural Practice. © Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Bryman, A. (2015). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.Burns, P. (2020). Corporate entrepreneurship and innovation. Bloomsbury Publishing.Bygrave, W., & Zacharakis, A. (2019). Entrepreneurship (2 ed.): John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Callegaro, M., Manfreda, K. L., & Vehovar, V. (2020). Web survey methodology: Sage. Canavan, D., Sharkey Scott, P., & Mangematin, V. (2021). Creative professional service firms: aligning strategy and talent. Journal of Business Strategy, 34(3), 24-32. Carayannis Y., Mateo H., Riobat U. &Burns, P. (2017). Corporate entrepreneurship. Palgrave Macmillan.Carliss Y., & Baldwin H. (2019). Building entrepreneurial architectures: A conceptual interpretation of the third mission. Policy Futures in Education, 7(3), 284-296.Chaffey, D., & Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2019). Digital marketing: Pearson SA. Chandrasekaran, B., Kurup, U., Banerjee, B., Josephson, J. R., & Winkler, R. (2019). An architecture for problem-solving with diagrams. Paper presented at the International Conference on Theory and Application of Diagrams.Chang, T.-Z. D., & Vowles, N. (2019). Strategies for improving data reliability for online surveys: A case study. " International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies", 4(1). Chang, W., & Vowles, M. (2020). Enhancing Qualitative Research Validity: Documentation and Reflexivity. Journal of Research Design, 32(4), 122-138.Chew, S. S. L. (2019). Designers as Entrepreneurs: An Investigation on Why Startups Need Design and Design Need Startups. The Ohio State University. Chinese-architects. (2019). About 10 DESIGN Christensen, C. M. (2021). The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail: Harvard Business Review Press. Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., & McDonald, R. (2019). What Is Disruptive Innovation? Harvard Business Review, 93(12), 44-53.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Claudia. G., Nelles, J., & Vorley, T. (2022). Entrepreneurial architecture: A blueprint for entrepreneurial universities. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des sciences de l'administration, 28(3), 341-353.Collis, J., & Hussey, R. (2017). Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students (5th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.Compton, R. L. (2021). Effective recruitment and selection practices: CCH Australia Limited. Coorey, B. (2019). 15 Crucial Financial Metrics for Architectural and Engineering Firms. Coorey, J. (2019). Industry architecture, the product life cycle, and entrepreneurial opportunities: the case of the US broadcasting sector. Industrial and corporate change, 24(1), 65-91.Council, U. D. (2019). Innovation by design: how design enables science and technology research to achieve greater impact. Technopolis Group. Cozby, P. C. (2017). Methods in behavioral research: McGraw-Hill. Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (2019). Doing qualitative research. Paper presented at the Annual North American Primary Care Research Group Meeting, 19th May 2019, Quebec, PQ, Canada.Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (2020). Doing Qualitative Research (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.Crawford, G. C., & Kreiser, P. M. (2019). Corporate entrepreneurship strategy: Extending the integrative framework through the lens of complexity science. Small Business Economics, 45, 403-423.Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches(4th ed.). SAGE Publications.Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.Cunningham, J., Lehmann, E., & Menter, M. (2016). The organizational architecture of entrepreneurial universities across the stages of entrepreneurship: a conceptual framework. Small Business Economics, 59(1), 11-27.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Cunningham, P., Kalamindi, M., & Salomaa, M. (2019). Third mission and regional context: assessing universities’ entrepreneurial architecture in rural regions. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 6(1), 233-249.Dana, L. P. (2021). World encyclopedia of entrepreneurship: Edward Elgar Publishing. David J. (2020). Entrepreneurship and small business: start-up, growth, and maturity. Bloomsbury Publishing.Davis, M. R., Johnson, K. L., & Smith, P. A. (2020). Financial Management Challenges in Entrepreneurial Architectural Practices. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 26(2), 78-92.De Bruin, A., & Mataira, P. (2018). Indigenous entrepreneurship: New perspectives in a global age (pp. 169-184): Routledge. De Mooij, M. (2018). Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes: SAGE Publications Limited. Dell, K., Houkamau, C., & Woods, C. (2019). The collective entrepreneurial mindset: an indigenous perspective. Paper presented at the ICSB World Conference Proceedings. Demkin, J. A. (2019). The architect's handbook of professional practice: John Wiley & Sons. DesignDodd, S. D., & Seaman, P. T. (2020). Entrepreneurial Attitudes in Architecture: Evidence and Implications. Journal of Architectural Research, 18(3), 215-232.Dodgson, M., & Gann, D. (2018). Innovation: A Very Short Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.Eyiah-Botwe, E., Aigbavboa, C., & Thwala, W. (2018). Mega Construction Projects: using stakeholder management for enhanced sustainable construction. Am. J. Eng. Res, 5(5), 80- 86. Fagerberg, J., & Srholec, M. (2018). National Innovation Systems and Economic Development. Research Policy, 37(9), 1417-1435.Faulconbridge, J. R. (2019). The regulation of design in global architecture firms: embedding and emplacing buildings. Urban Studies, 46(12), 2537-2554. © Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Fayolle, A., Liñán, F., & Moriano, J. A. (2021). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(4), 679-689. doi:10.1007/s11365-014-0306-7Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.FIRM, S. A. A. (2020). Starting and Organizing a Practice. The Architecture Student’s Handbook of Professional Practice, 93. Flick, U. (2019). An Introduction to Qualitative Research (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.Franke, U., Ekstedt, M., Lagerström, R., Saat, J., & Winter, R. (2019). Trends in enterprise architecture practice–a survey. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Trends in Enterprise Architecture Research. Fujimoto, R. M. (2018). Time management in the high-level architecture. Simulation, 71(6), 388- 400. Furuto, A. (2017). Dalian Library / 10 Design. Gann, D. M., & Salter, A. J. (2020). Innovation in project-based, service-enhanced firms: constructing complex products and systems. Research Policy, 29(7-8), 955-972. Gensler, S., Völckner, F., Liu-Thompkins, Y., & Wiertz, C. (2019). Managing brands in the social media environment. Journal of interactive marketing, 27(4), 242-256.Getz, L. V., Getz, L. V., Piven, P., Perkins, B., Piven, P., Longley, P. G., Kam, C. (2020). Running a Practice. The Architecture Student's Handbook of Professional Practice. Giannoulatou, A. (2020). Gillham, B. (2020). Developing a questionnaire: A&C Black. Gillham, B. (2018). Developing a Questionnaire. Continuum International Publishing Group.Giudice, M., & Ireland, C. (2021). Rise of the DEO: Leadership by Design: New Riders. Go, G.-H., Lee, S.-R., Yoon, S., & Kang, H.-b. (2020). Design of spiral coil PHC energy pile considering effective borehole thermal resistance and groundwater advection effects. Applied Energy, 125, 165-178. Goldberger, P. (2019). Master Architect whose buildings dazzled the world Died at 102. © Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Gottfried, R. A. (2018). Six ways this article is not an ad: Deceptive marketing and the need for clearlydefined disclosure rules in the online native advertisement. Loy. Consumer L. Rev., 27, 399.Gottfried., L., Bruno, G., Kone, C. & Drayton, W. (2021). The citizen sector: Becoming as entrepreneurial and competitive as business. California Management Review, 44(3), 120-132.Gramazio, F., & Kohler, M. (Eds.). (2014). Made by robots: challenging architecture at a larger scale. John Wiley & Sons.Gronhaug, K., & Ghauri, P. N. (2019). Research Methods in Business Studies (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.Gulden G. & Ayalp, V. (2019). The entrepreneurial university: Context and institutional change. In The Entrepreneurial University (pp. 1-17). Routledge.Gupta, T., Martin, L. M., Warren-Smith, I., & Lord, G. (2019). Entrepreneurial architecture in UK universities: still a work in progress? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(2), 281-297.Hassan, M., & Ahmed, P. (2022). Market Competition Analysis in Saudi Architecture Industry. Journal of Construction Economics, 35(2), 123-140.Hassanain, K., Yuin B., Jaksen, P., Salomaa, M. (2017). Entrepreneurial Architecture in Rural Universities: The Case of Lincoln.Here is the compiled list of references used throughout the conversation:Ireland, R. D., Covin, J. G., & Kuratko, D. F. (2019). Conceptualizing corporate entrepreneurship strategy. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 33(1), 19-46.Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 40-50.Jako, H., Mathew J., & Vorley, T. (2019). Constructing an entrepreneurial architecture: An emergent framework for studying the contemporary university beyond the entrepreneurial turn. Innovative Higher Education, 35(3), 161-176.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Johnny W., Gibson, V., & Foss, L. (2021). Developing the entrepreneurial university: Architecture and institutional theory. World Technopolis Review, 6(1), 3-1.Johnsen, C. G. (2023). Tactics of sustainable entrepreneurship: Ways of operating in the contested terrain of green architecture. Journal of Management Inquiry, 32(2), 120-133.Jones, C., Livne-Tarandach, R., & Balachandra, L. (2020). Rhetoric that wins clients: Entrepreneurial firms use institutional logic when competing for resources. In Institutions and Entrepreneurship. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.Khalid, S., & Farooq, R. (2021). Sustainable Architecture in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Design, 19(4), 267-284.Knox, P. L., & Anderson, J. M. (2021). Project Management Risk in Emerging Architectural Practices. Journal of Architectural Education, 75(2), 45-62.Kuratko, D. F. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, and Practice (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.Kuratko, D. F., & Covin, J. G. (2022). Antecedents, Elements, And Consequences of Corporate Entrepreneurship Strategy. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2003, No. 1, pp. L1-L6). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.Leffel, C. H. A., & Agrawal, L. D. L. V. M. (2014). Accelerating collegiate entrepreneurship (ACE): The architecture of a university entrepreneurial ecosystem encompassing an intercollegiate venture experience. Journal of Business & Entrepreneurship, 95.Losee, J. (2021). A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Oxford University Press.Lyotard, J.-F. (1984). The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. University of Minnesota Press.Mackenzie, N., & Knipe, S. (2011). Research Dilemmas: Paradigms, Methods, and Methodology. Issues in Educational Research, 16(2), 193-205.Martinez, C., & Thompson, R. (2021). Cross-Border Architectural Practice in the EU. European Journal of Architecture, 45(2), 178-195.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Meepung, T., Wannapiroon, P., & Nilsook, P. (2021). Transition Elements, Enterprise Architecture for Digital Entrepreneurial University. In 2021 Research, Invention, and Innovation Congress: Innovation Electricals and Electronics (RI2C) (pp. 167-175). IEEE.Mertens, D. M. (2007). Transformative Paradigm: Mixed Methods and Social Justice. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(3), 212-225.Mohammed, S., & Wilson, R. (2022). Financial Sustainability in Architectural Practice. Journal of Construction Finance, 18(4), 234-251.Morgan, D. L. (2014). Pragmatism as a Paradigm for Social Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 20(8), 1045-1053.National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB). (2022). Annual Report: State of Architectural Practice. Washington, DC: NCARB Publications.Nicholas J., Burton, M & Richard, N. (2020). Entrepreneurial architecture in UK higher education institutions: Consolidating the third mission. In DRUID, 25th Celebration Conference (pp. 18-20).Parkman F., Gafar, M., Kasim, R., & Martin, D. J. (2018). Towards a more entrepreneurial architectural education in Malaysia. In Proceedings International Conference of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship (pp. 755-770).Patricia, W., & Tzortzopoulos N. (2019). Architecture is entrepreneurship and (why) it matters. In Annual ACSA College of Distinguished Professors Annual Conference (pp. 309-313).Phillips, D. C., & Burbules, N. C. (2000). Postpositivism and Educational Research. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Pisano, G. P. (2019). The Hard Truth About Innovative Cultures. Harvard Business Review, 97(1), 62-71.Robson, C. (2011). Real World Research (3rd ed.). Wiley.Robson, C. (2020). Small-Scale Evaluation. SAGE Publications.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Rogers, E. M. (2016). Diffusion of Innovations (6th ed.). Free Press.Sabherwal, P., Dolan, B., Cunningham, J. A., Menter, M., & McGregor, C. (2020). The role and function of cooperative research centers in entrepreneurial universities: A micro-level perspective. Management Decision.Salomaa, M. (2019). Rural Universities and Entrepreneurial Architecture: Case Lincoln (UK).Santos-Vijande, M. L., López-Sánchez, J. Á., Loredo, E., Rudd, J., & López-Mielgo, N. (2022). Role of innovation and architectural marketing capabilities in channeling entrepreneurship into performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(2), 100174.Sarmiento, E. (2018). The affirming effects of entrepreneurial redevelopment: Architecture, sport, and local food in Oklahoma City. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 50(2), 327-349.Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2015). Research Methods for Business Students (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research Methods for Business Students (8th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2020). The Research Onion: A Practical Guide. Pearson Education.Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press.Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press.Secundo, G., Schiuma, G., & Jones, P. (2019). Strategic knowledge management models and tools for entrepreneurial universities. Management Decision, 57(12), 3217-3225.Smit, A. J. (2021). The influence of district visual quality on location decisions of creative entrepreneurs. Journal of the American Planning Association, 77(2), 167-184.Smith, J. (2020). Innovation-Driven Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets. Entrepreneurial Studies Quarterly, 14(2), 101-123.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Smith, R., & Taylor, P. (2020). Vision 2030 and Architectural Innovation in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Development Journal, 12(1), 89-106.Steven, H. & Alter, M. (2021). The performance effect of network and managerial capabilities of entrepreneurial firms. Small Business Economics, 50, 807-824.Taqiadden, Z. Y., Aycı, A., Aycı, H., & Kınacı, E. B. (2019). Impacts of architectural education on entrepreneurial intention: a case study of senior architects from six universities in Turkey. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 15(3), 719-737.Teece, D. J. (2020). Innovation and Dynamic Capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 41(4), 484-502.Ulrik F., Kuratko, D. F., Covin, J. G., Ireland, R. D., & Hornsby, J. S. (2021). Corporate entrepreneurship strategy: extending our knowledge boundaries through configuration theory. Small Business Economics, 56, 739-758.Ulutas, T., Ireland, D., Holmes M., & Hitt, A. (2016). Architecture of entrepreneurial learning: Exploring the link among heuristics, knowledge, and action. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 33(1), 167-192.Urban, B. (2021). Elements of organizational architecture conducive to corporate entrepreneurship strategy. Journal of Contemporary Management, 8(1), 429-452.Vorley, T., & Nelles, J. (2012). Scaling entrepreneurial architecture: The challenge of managing regional technology transfer in Hamburg. In Universities and Regional Development (pp. 201-218). Routledge.Vorley, T., & Nelles, J. (2018). (Re) Conceptualizing the academy: Institutional development of and beyond the third mission. Higher Education Management and Policy, 20(3), 1-17.Williams, S. E., & Chen, L. K. (2023). Human Capital Development in Architectural Entrepreneurship. Journal of Professional Services Management, 34(4), 167-183.© Copyright 2022 by SBS Swiss Business School– University of Applied Sciences Institute. All Rights Reserved.Yin, R. K. (2017). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.Yusuf, M., & Aslam, K. (2022). Innovation Adoption in Middle Eastern Architecture. Journal of Construction Innovation, 22(3), 345-362.Zhou, W., Dekker, H. C., & Kamminga, P. E. (2017). Regulatory Environments and Emerging Market Entrepreneurship. Journal of Regulatory Studies, 25(1), 76-98.Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2013). Business Research Methods(9th ed.). South-Western Cengage Learning.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Taha Alandejani (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Publication Agreement
This Publication Agreement ("Agreement") is made between the author(s) ("Author") and the SBS Journal of Applied Business Research ("Journal"). By submitting a manuscript for publication, the Author agrees to the following terms:
1. Grant of License
The Author retains full copyright ownership of the submitted and published work. The Author grants the Journal a non-exclusive license to publish, distribute, and archive the article in any format or medium, including but not limited to online and print versions.
2. Open Access and Licensing
All articles published in the Journal are fully open access under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This means that:
• The work can be freely used, shared, and adapted by anyone, provided that proper attribution is given to the original Author.
• The full license terms can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
• No additional restrictions are placed on the use of published articles.
3. Author Responsibilities and Warranties
The Author guarantees that:
• The submitted work is original and has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere.
• The work does not infringe on any third-party rights, including copyright, trademark, or proprietary rights.
• All necessary permissions for copyrighted materials used in the manuscript (e.g., figures, tables) have been obtained.
• The manuscript complies with ethical research standards and does not contain any form of plagiarism or falsified data.
4. Editorial and Publication Process
• The Journal reserves the right to perform editorial revisions for clarity, formatting, and consistency while maintaining the integrity of the Author’s work.
• The publication of an article is subject to peer review, and acceptance is not guaranteed upon submission.
5. Retraction and Corrections
• The Journal follows COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines and reserves the right to retract, correct, or withdraw an article in cases of misconduct, errors, or ethical concerns.
6. Governing Law
This Agreement is governed by the laws of Switzerland. Any disputes arising under this Agreement shall be resolved in the courts of Zurich, Switzerland.
7. Agreement Acceptance
By submitting a manuscript, the Author acknowledges and agrees to the terms outlined in this Agreement.
Editor-In-Chief
Prof. Dr. Milos Petkovic